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Japanese Quick Reference

Advanced Verbs

Verb extensions, auxiliary patterns, phrase patterns, and common compounds for intermediate to advanced Japanese.

Desire Expressions

-I〜たい
want to ~
  • Re-conjugates as an i-adjective (たくない, たかった).
  • Describes only the speaker's own desire.

(ちい)さい飛行機(ひこうき)()りたくないです。

I don't want to ride a small airplane.

-I〜たがる
(not the speaker) seems to want ~
  • Used for third-person desire.
  • Conjugated as a u-verb (たがっている for ongoing state).

彼女(かのじょ)はその映画(えいが)()たがっていた。

She was showing signs of wanting to see that movie.

-I〜放題
as much as one pleases
  • Attaches to the masu-stem.

()べたい放題(ほうだい)

Eating however one pleases.

()放題(ほうだい)

All-you-can-eat.

〜放題
unlimited; without restraint

()放題(ほうだい)

Left to run wild.

Simultaneous Actions

-I〜ながら
while simultaneously doing ~
  • Requires the same grammatical subject before and after.

新聞(しんぶん)()みながら食事(しょくじ)()べる。

To read a newspaper while eating a meal.

-TE/NAI〜ながらも
all the while (speaker dissatisfied)

(かれ)()っていながらも(おし)えてくれなかった。

He knew all along but didn't tell me. (What a jerk)

-I〜つつ
while
  • Identifies a circumstance under which something happens.

テレビを()つつ電話(でんわ)()っている。

Watching TV while waiting for a phone call.

-I〜つつある
in the process of (some change)

()()げは上昇(じょうしょう)しつつある。

Sales are in the process of increasing.

Tendency & Approaching Completion

SURU〜がち
having a tendency to

(かれ)遅刻(ちこく)がちだ。

He tends to be (is usually) late.

-I〜かけている
on the verge of ~
  • Subject is close to ~ing but has not yet.

この冷蔵庫(れいぞうこ)(こわ)れかけている。

This refrigerator is almost falling apart.

-I〜かけた
came close to ~ing (but didn't)

田中(たなか)さんはスピーチの途中(とちゅう)()きかけた。

Mr. Tanaka nearly started crying in the middle of his speech.

-I〜かけ
just started / not fully

()べかけのピザ

A partially-eaten pizza.

Exceptions where 〜かける has a distinct, idiomatic meaning: (はな)しかける (to call out to / start talking with someone), ()かける (to go out on an errand), ()かける (to happen to see), ()いかける (to chase after).

Possibility & Capability

-I〜得る(える/うる)
possibility of ~ occurring
  • Does NOT describe capability.
  • Not typically used with specific people as subjects.
  • Pronunciation: える or うる, うれば; all other conjugations use える.

自転車(じてんしゃ)事故(じこ)(だれ)にでも()こり()ることだ。

A bicycle accident could happen to anyone.

-I〜かねる
I/we are unable to ~
  • Used in polite/formal refusals.
  • Speaker wants to but can't due to uncontrollable circumstances.

(もう)(わけ)ありませんが、この契約(けいやく)()()けかねます。

I'm sorry, but we cannot undertake this contract.

-I〜かねない
it seems likely that ~
  • Implies an undesirable outcome.

()をつけないと顧客(こきゃく)(うしな)いかねない。

If we're not careful, we could lose customers.

State & Degree Markers

N / -I〜どおり
exactly in line with
  • Also: Nの〜 / U-TA とおり.
  • 通り.

(おも)(どお)りに(すす)んでいる。

It's proceeding exactly like I thought.

-I〜っぱなし
left in an unresolved state
  • Nuance: unfinished/unintentional → 放し.

電気(でんき)()けっぱなしだった。

The lights were left on.

-I〜がい
worth ~ing
  • Also: ~U-TA かい 甲斐.

この(ほん)()みがいがある。

This book is worth reading.

Purpose & Timing

-I〜に + MOTION VERB
intending to

()いに()った

Went to buy something.

()()

Came to see.

-I〜次第
after/once ~ occurs

(くわ)しい日程(にってい)()まり次第(しだい)、ご連絡(れんらく)します。

I will contact you once the detailed schedule has been decided.

N〜次第
dependent upon

彼女(かのじょ)次第(しだい)だ。

It depends on (is up to) her.

Negative Verb Patterns

-A〜ず
negative adverb (〜なくて)
  • する → せ.
-A〜ずに
negative adverb (〜ないで)

彼女(かのじょ)包丁(ほうちょう)使(つか)わずに料理(りょうり)した。

She cooked without using a kitchen knife.

-A〜ずにはいられない
couldn't resist doing...

美味(おい)しそうだったから()べずにはいられなかった。

It looked delicious, so I couldn't stop myself from eating it.

Obligation & Attempt

-A / -OU〜んとする
about to / trying to
  • Most commonly used in ている form.

山田(やまだ)さんが()おうとしていることが()かった。

I think I understand what Mrs. Yamada is trying to say.

-A〜ざるを得ない
have no choice but
  • Describes an undesirable but necessary action.

ついに(かれ)自分(じぶん)()けを(みと)めざるを()なかった。

At last, he had no choice but to acknowledge his own defeat.

-A〜んばかりに
as if to

(おとこ)(なぐ)られたと()わんばかりにため(いき)をついた。

The man sighed, as if to say he was dismayed.

-A〜ぬ
negative form (= 〜ない)
〜ねば
negative conditional (= 〜なければ)

Difficulty Expressions

-I〜やすい
easy to...
  • 易い.
-I〜にくい
difficult to... (requires great effort)
  • 難い.
-I〜づらい
difficult to... (held back mentally or physically)
  • 辛い.
-I〜がたい
difficult to... (want to, but impossible circumstances)
  • 難い.

Common Compounds

CompoundMeaning
()do to each other
〜まくるdo in excess
(そこ)なう(also: (そこ)ねる)mis-
()do completely (large workload)
()くすdo completely (something is used up)
〜あげるto finish (something is accomplished)
〜そびれるto miss the chance / forget to
(なお)do over
(かえ)do back
〜だすto begin

Double-Verb Usages

〜ば〜ほど
the more ~, the more ~

()べれば()べるほど美味(おい)しくなる。

The more you eat, the more delicious it becomes.

待ちに待った
a long-awaited ~

()ちに()った(あたら)しい(ほん)

A long-awaited new book.

〜には
(in order) to

()いに()ったけど、使(つか)(かた)がわからなかった。

I went so far as to buy it, but I don't know how to use it.

Idiomatic Doubles

()()ぬふり — pretending to have not seen.
()(ひと)()る — well respected by those who know of ~.

する becomes せ(せず, せざる).

こと Patterns (事)

FormPatternMeaning
-TAことがあるhave the experience of...
-U / NAIことがあるsometimes...
-Uことになるit will come to be that...
-U / NAIことにするI shall/have decided to...
~ことにしているmake it a point to... (routine)
-U / NAIことだbe sure to... / it is necessary to...
なんと ADJ VERBことだWhat/how...! (exclamation)

もの Patterns (もん)

FormPatternMeaning
ものだthe proper/natural way of things is...
ものだreminiscing over past lifestyles
ものだからsome situation came about because...
ものかWhat/How...! (exclamation)
ものではないone should not... (it is not correct to...)
もののit's not so...
ものならif it's possible...
ものを...did..., going ~ will change...
ものだthere's no way!

宿題(しゅくだい)片付(かたづ)けるのが(さき)

It's best (most proper) to finish assignments early.

絶対(ぜったい)(あやま)るまいし、彼女(かのじょ)(ゆる)すもんか

He absolutely wouldn't apologize, as if she'd forgive him.

ところ Patterns (所, stage/phase)

FormPatternMeaning
-UところだAbout to...
-UところだったWas about to... (but didn't)
-TAところだJust finished...
-TAところ、After ~ing, (discovery)
-TAところで Even if, (trying is pointless)
-TAところで(TE form of だ) Just finished..., and then
〜ているところだCurrently doing...
ADJ VERBところを Despite (= のに)

(いま)から()かけたところで()()わないよ。

You wouldn't be on time even if you departed now.

セーターを洗濯(せんたく)したところ、(ちぢ)んでしまった。

The sweater shrunk after I put it through the laundry.

よう Patterns (様, similar to/such that)

発音(はつおん)がわかるように、先生(せんせい)がゆっくり(はな)した。

The teacher spoke slowly, such that his pronunciation would be understood.

FormPatternMeaning
ADJ VERBようだ。seems like...
ようなAdjective form
Nのように/ようだit's like a...
VERBように/ようだin such a way that / to bring about
-U / NAIようになるgradually become/switch to...
~ようにするto create a situation / make it a point to (habit)
-Iようがないthere's no way to... (impossible)
-TAかのようにalmost as if...

そう Patterns (然う, have heard/seems like)

今日(きょう)(あめ)()りそうだ。

It looks like it will rain today. (appearance)

今日(きょう)(あめ)()るそうだ。

I heard that it will rain today. (hearsay)

FormPatternMeaning
i-ADJ VERBそうだI've heard that...
-IそうだIt looks/seems like...
ADJ-stemそうだIt looks/seems like...
seems good (いい)→ よさそう
seems not (〜ない)→ なさそう
そうなAdjective form. (たか)そうな N
-IそうにないIt seems highly unlikely...

のに Patterns

NなADJVERBのに
even though

静岡(しずおか)に2(かい)()ったのに、富士山(ふじさん)()えなかった。

Even though I went to Shizuoka twice, I wasn't able to see Mt. Fuji.

-Uのに
as a requirement for...

このレポートを()くのに3(にち)かかった。

It took 3 days to write this report.

からには・以上・上に

VERBからには
because ~, it is imperative that

(わたし)社員(しゃいん)であるからには頑張(がんば)らなければいけない。

I'm a member of the company too, so I have to do my best.

VERB以上/上は
(same meaning as からには)

子供(こども)()まれた以上(いじょう)(なが)出張(しゅっちょう)(ひか)えたい。

Since my child has been born, I want to cut back on long business trips.

NなADJVERB上に
in addition to...

(かれ)日本語(にほんご)ができる(うえ)にフランス()もできる。

In addition to being able to speak Japanese, he can also speak French.

まい

〜まい
negative prediction (= ~ないだろう)
  • All Verbs ~U, Not U-Verbs ~A.

社長(しゃちょう)はそんな(ざつ)なやり(かた)(ゆる)すまい。

I doubt the CEO would approve of such a sloppy method.

Nじゃあるまいし
'not a' (strong emphasis)

部屋(へや)掃除(そうじ)しなさい、もう子供(こども)じゃあるまいし。

Tidy up your room. You're not a child anymore.

-OUが〜まいが
whether or not...

(しん)じようが(しん)じまいがあなたの自由(じゆう)だ。

You're free to believe or not to believe.

限り Patterns

-TA限りでは
insofar as...

(わたし)()(かぎ)り、間違(まちが)いはなかったはずだ。

Based on what I saw, there should have been no mistake.

NなADJ-U/NAI限り
as long as...

不景気(ふけいき)(つづ)(かぎ)り、ボーナスはもらえない。

As long as the bad economy continues, I won't be able to get a bonus.

と (Volitional) Patterns

-OU〜と + VERB
with the intention to

(とびら)()けようと()()ばす

to reach out one's arm to open the door

-OU〜ともしない
show no signs of

犯人(はんにん)()げようとしなかった

The criminal made no effort to run away.

-OU〜とも
even if/no matter

(かれ)(なに)()おうとも、(わたし)()く。

No matter what he says, I'm going.

Auxiliary Motion Verbs

-TE〜てくる
to come to ~ / do ~ and come back
  • Notion of "coming closer" to the speaker.
  • Used when observing a spontaneous change of state.
  • To do something and then come back/home.

海外(かいがい)から電話(でんわ)がかかってきた。

A phone call came from overseas.

天気(てんき)がちょっと()れてきた。

The weather has cleared up a little.

(なか)()いたから、(ひる)ご飯(ごはん)()べてくる。

I'm hungry, so I'm going to eat lunch (and then come back).

-TE〜ていく
to go on ~ing / do ~ and go
  • Notion of "going further" away from the speaker.
  • Can also indicate an accumulative/snowball effect.
  • To do something and then go (someplace new).

インターネットで()(もの)する(ひと)(かず)毎日(まいにち)()えていく。

The number of people shopping on the internet increases every day.

(あに)旅行(りょこう)(わたし)のデジカメを()っていった。

My brother took my digital camera with him on vacation.

Giving & Receiving (TE-form)

-TE〜てもらう
subject 'receives' someone else's action
  • いただく is Humble (Keigo).
  • CAUSATIVE FORM もらう: I'll have ~ / let me ~.

(わたし)田中(たなか)さんに(ほん)(おく)ってもらった。

I had Mr. Tanaka send me a book.

(はや)めに(かえ)らせてもらえるかな。

I wonder if I'll be able to get them to let me go home early.

-TE〜てある
someone ~ed it, and it remains so
  • 有る.

あそこに()いてある。

It's written on that sign over there.

-TE〜てくれる
subject does ~ for the benefit of the speaker
  • くださる is Honorific (Keigo).
  • くれる 話: "I'll do ~ to (someone)!"

田中(たなか)さんが(ほん)(おく)ってくれた。

Mr. Tanaka sent me a book.

あの野郎(やろう)(おれ)(いた)めつけてくれる!!

That punk, I'm gonna rough him up!

-TE〜てあげる
subject does ~ for someone else
  • 上げる.

荷物(にもつ)()ってあげようか?

Shall I carry your luggage for you?

は Patterns (TE-form)

-TE〜ては
would be / result in
  • Usually followed by statement of undesirability (できない, 困る, 駄目だ, 嫌だ).

手伝(てつだ)ってもらわなくては明日(あした)までに完成(かんせい)できない。

If I don't get help, it won't be possible to complete it by tomorrow.

-TE〜ては
alternating actions/events

(かれ)はビールを()んではため(いき)をついていた。

He sighed in between taking drinks of beer.

ほしい・はじめて・の (TE-form)

-TE〜てほしい
I want someone to do ~
  • Re-conjugates like i-adj.
  • 欲しい.

この記事(きじ)()てほしいです。

I want you to look at this article.

-TE〜てはじめて
only after / only when
  • Not used in commands or suggestions.
  • 初めて.

単語(たんご)使(つか)って(はじ)めて(おぼ)えられるんだ。

Words can only be remembered after you've used them.

-TE〜ての
would not exist without ~
  • N: would not exist without ~.

実力(じつりょく)あっての()

a victory made possible by real skill

きり・まま・たりする

-TA〜きり
no new developments since ~
  • 切り.
  • っきり: only/just.

海外(かいがい)()ったきり連絡(れんらく)がない。

There's been no contact since they went overseas.

-TA〜まま
in a continuous state of ~
  • 儘.
  • (Passive form) + がまま: Complying/not resisting being ~ed.

(まど)()けたまま()てしまった。

I fell asleep with the window open.

-TA〜たりする
doing things like...

テレビを()たり昼寝(ひるね)したりする

to do things like watch TV and take a nap

Other Verb Forms & Phrases

FormPatternMeaningExample
VERB〜ものだone should ~ / used to ~宿題(しゅくだい)片付(かたづ)けるのが(さき)
VERB〜もののalthough... / it's not so...
VERB〜ものかWhat/How! (exclamation) / there's no way!彼女(かのじょ)(ゆる)すもんか
VERB〜ことにするI shall/have decided to...7()()ることにした
VERB〜ことになるit has been decided that...田中(たなか)さんは大学(だいがく)(かよ)うことになった
VERB〜ようにするmake it a point to ~(やす)みの()には()るようにしている
VERB〜ようになるcome to ~ / start to ~コンビニでアルバイトするようになった
VERB〜ことがあるsometimes ~この会社(かいしゃ)支持者(しじしゃ)(あつ)まることがある
VERB〜おそれがある there is a risk that ~この建物(たてもの)地震(じしん)()えられないおそれがある
-TEしゅつto suddenly start ~ing(むすめ)のことを(はな)()したら(あさ)まで()まらない
VERB〜わけにはいかない cannot afford to ~仕事(しごと)があるから(やす)むわけにはいかない
VERB〜ことにしているmake it a practice to ~毎朝(まいあさ)ジョギングすることにしている
-TE〜てからafter ~ing / since ~あなたが()てから(わす)れることができない
VERB〜わけではない it is not that ~(おく)れたわけではない
VERB〜なり as soon as ~
VERB〜つもりでwith the intention to ~
-TE〜ても / どうしてもeven if ~ / no matter what(なん)()ってもどうしても()
Icons & Badges Reference

Usage Icons

Used primarily in spoken Japanese
Used primarily in written Japanese
Used mostly by men
Used mostly by women
Used mostly by children
Old / Archaic expression
Used in formal / stiff situations
!Use with caution (not for superiors)
!!Vulgar / expresses anger or disapproval
Advanced (JLPT N2–N1)
Reference-only (beyond JLPT scope)
Footnote
Incorrect usage
Correct usage

Form Badges

NNoun
NONoun followed by the particle の
NANoun followed by な
TIMENoun indicating time
LOCNoun indicating location/place
ADJAdjective (i-adjective or na-adjective)
i-ADJi-Adjective (e.g. 高い)
na-ADJna-Adjective (e.g. 元気な)
VERB"Nounable" verb form
PASTPast-tense verb (〜た、〜ていた、etc.)
-U/-TAPresent or past verb (non-negative)
NAINegative form
-U/NAIPresent tense verb (regular or negative)
VERB+の"Nounable" verb form followed by の
SURUSuru-verb stem word (noun)

Verb Form Suffixes

-IVerb -I form (連用形)
-UVerb -U form (終止形)
-EVerb -E form (仮定形)
-OUVerb -OU form (意志形)
-TEVerb -TE form (て形)
-TAVerb -TA form (た形)
-TE+たVerb -TE form + past
Advanced Verbs | Japanese Quick Reference | yomeru.ai