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Japanese Quick Reference

Numbers and Time — Numerals, Counters & Sound Changes

Japanese numerals, counting systems, counters, fractions, ordinals, and number-based expressions.

Numerals

KanjiFormalValue
〇 (ゼロ / れい)(れい)0
(もう)0.001
(りん)0.01
()0.1
(いち)1
()2
(さん)3
()4
()5
(ろく)6
(なな)7
(はち)8
()9
(じゅう)10
廿(にじゅう)20
(ひゃく)100
(せん)1,000
(まん)10,000
百万(ひゃくまん)1,000,000
(おく)100,000,000
(ちょう)(one trillion) 10¹²
(けい)(ten quadrillion) 10¹⁶
(がい)10²⁰

Formal Kanji

Formal kanji (壱弐参…) appear on banknotes and legal documents to prevent alteration.

Counting Sound Changes

#BasicS·TK·HH→?Exceptions
1いちいっいっ!→Pひと: (つぶ) (たば) (さら) (ふさ)ひとつ
2!→P →Bふた: (つぶ) (たば) (さら) (ふさ)ふたつ
3さんさんさん!→Pみっつ
4し/よんし/よんし/よん!→P Hよ: () (にん) (にち)よっつ
5!→Pいつつ
6ろくろっろっ!→Pむっつ
7ななななななしち: () (ごう)ななつ
8はちはちはち!→Pはっ: (ちゃく) (せき) (ちょう) (さい)やっつ
9きゅうきゅうきゅうく: () (ねん) (にん)ここのつ
10じゅうじゅっじゅっ!→Pとおとお
100ひゃくひゃくひゃっ!(→P)
※ Readings of Japanese counting words can vary. Gray text in the original indicates optional readings.

Basic Counters

CounterReadingUsed For
にんにんPeople
めいめいPeople (polite)
O'clock
ねんねんYear
えんえんJapanese yen
まいまいThin things (paper, shirts, pants)
だいだいAutomobiles, bicycles, cameras, electronics
Degrees (temperature); times (repetition)
めんめんLarge flat things (courts, pools, mirrors)
Copies (of a newspaper)
ばいばいMultiples of
CounterReadingUsed For
Birds, rabbits
Shrimp, fish
りんりんFlowers
ぜんぜんMeals, chopsticks (pairs)
じょうじょうPills, tablets (medicine)
じょうじょうRivers, bandages
りょうりょうTrain cars
れつれつLines of people/objects
ぎょうぎょうRows (in a document)
もんもんProblems (on a test)
だんだんStage/step

S/T-Line Counters

CounterReadingUsed For
とうとうLarge animals
てんてんPoints, items (for purchase)
ちょうちょうHandheld tools, guns
むねむね/とうLarge buildings
しゅうしゅうCircular repetition (laps)
ちゃくちゃくSuits/jackets
さつさつBooks
つうつうDocuments
ついついPairs of things
CounterReadingUsed For
せきせきBoats
さくさくArtistic creations (movies, paintings, books, albums)
そくそくPairs of shoes/socks
せきせきMeetings
ちょうちょうServings of noodles, tofu
さいさいYears old (also written: 才)
つぶつぶSmall, round things
たばたばBundles (of flowers)
さらさらPlates (of food)

K/H-Line Counters

CounterReadingUsed For
Things (small-med size)
箇所かしょかしょPlaces/locations (usually written: ケ所)
かいかいTimes (repetition)
はつはつVessel departures, (rocket) launches, (gun) shots
Large stationary objects (dams, towers, elevators)
はくはくNights (at a hotel)
けんけんCases/instances
かいかいFloors (of a building)
ふんふんMinutes
CounterReadingUsed For
けんけんStores or houses
ほんほんLong and thin objects
きゃくきゃくLegged furniture (chairs, desks)
ひきひきAnimals
かくかくStrokes (in a kanji)
はいはいMugs (beer/coffee)
かんかんVolumes (of a book)
ひょうひょうBallots/votes
Airplanes, helicopters
※ K/H-line counters also become voiced (B sound) after 何 (なん).

Using Counters

Katakana Counters

Katakana counters (キロ, ページ, etc.) generally use Basic number readings. K-line katakana counters usually take ろっ for 6. P-line katakana counters optionally take いっ for 1.

(ほん)を2(さつ)()った。

I bought 2 books.

simple factual statement

(ほん)を10(さつ)()った。

I bought 10 books.

more than expected

2(さつ)(ほん)()った。

I bought 2 books.

added focus on the books; the next sentence should elaborate on them

(ほん)を1(さつ)()わなかった。

I didn't even buy 1 book.

less than expected

Fractions, Ratios, and Exponents

D分のN
N out of D (fraction)
  • Exception: 1/2 = 半分 (はんぶん)

5(ぶん)の1 = 1/5

one fifth

COUNTERAの内B
B out of A

4()(うち)1()

One out of four.

COUNTER₁ / COUNTER₂AにB
B per/in A (A and B use distinct counters)

4(ねん)に1(かい)

Once in 4 years.

NのE乗
N to the power of E
  • N² = Nの「2乗 or 自乗(じじょう)」

3の4(じょう) = 3⁴

3 to the 4th power.

Ordinal Numbers and 分 (~'s Worth)

Ordinals

PatternMeaningExample
(ばん)Number in a sequence一番(いちばん) = Number 1 / the most
番目(ばんめ)Ordinal position三番目(さんばんめ) = third (in order)
(だい)Formal ordinal prefix第一(だいいち) = the first
()Ordinal suffix on counters三人目(さんにんめ) = the third person
(だい)回目(かいめ)nth time !第二回目(だいにかいめ) (considered bad Japanese)
※ 回 = simple sequence. 回目 = progressive/ordered sequence (each thing is somehow related to the next).
※ 日 counts accidents/attempts or days of a vacation. 度 counts the Olympics or stages of a plan.

分 (~'s Worth)

〜分の
~'s worth of

1ヶ(げつ)(ぶん)給料(きゅうりょう)

One month's salary.

3(だい)(ぶん)のタイヤ

Tires for 3 vehicles.

Special Number Readings

ExpressionReadingMeaning
一人ひとり/二人にじんひとり/ふたりone person / two people
一人前いちにんまえおとこいちにんまえのおとこa full-fledged man
二十歳はたちはたちtwenty years old
一筆いっぴつ手紙てがみいっぴつのてがみa single (hand-written) letter
一陣いちじんかぜいちじんのかぜa gust of wind
一昔ひとむかしひとむかしnot so long ago (~10 years)
一重ひとえ/二重にじゅうひとえ/ふたえ1/2-fold (describing eyes)

Number Usage Expressions

〜ずつ
at a time

菓子(かし)を3()ずつ(くば)る。

to hand out candies 3 at a time

数〜 / 何〜か
a few

(すう)(まい) / (なん)(まい)

a few sheets

〜とも
each of the / both
  • Only used with numbers less than 6.

4(にん)とも(かえ)った。

All four of them went home.

〜ごとに(毎に)
once for each / every

(ふつ)()ごとに電話(でんわ)をかけている。

I call once every 2 days.

〜おきに(置きに)
spaced ~ apart
  • Counts the gap between occurrences, not the cycle.

(ふつ)()おきにジムに(かよ)っている。

I go to the gym once every 3 days. (2 days in between)

番 / 位
ranking / place
  • 一番 (いちばん) = Number 1 / the most
  • 一位 (いちい) = First place

Non-Numerical 一 Expressions

ExpressionReadingMeaning
一緒いっしょいっしょにtogether; along with
いっぱいいっぱいfull of food/drink/etc.
一切いっさいいっさいabsolutely not (always with 〜ない)
一言ひとことひとことでいうとin short / to summarize (also: 一言でいえば)
一時いっときいっときfor a short time (use numeral + 時 for 1 o'clock)
一時的いちじてき/いちじてきな/にtemporary / temporarily
一斉いっせいいっせいにmany things acting/occurring all at once
一見いっけんいっけんalthough it appears that... (sets up a contradiction)
一貫いっかんいっかんしてconsistently (consistency = 一貫性)
一段いちだんいちだんとparticularly; more than usual
一旦いったんいったんan action taken before continuing or moving on (adverb)
一般的いっぱんてきいっぱんてきgeneral; typical
いちばちいちかばちかtaking a chance (rolling the dice)
いちいちいちいちfor every little thing (also: ひとつひとつ)
一向いっこういっこうにnot in all cases (always with 〜ない)
一服いっぷくいっぷくa break/rest (to smoke or have tea)
一介いっかいいっかいのjust a regular/common person or thing
まんいちまんがいちin the unlikely (one in 10,000) event

Measurement and Range Terms

〜台
level / range
  • 80円台 = 80.0 to 89.9 yen
  • 80年代の人 = a person in their 80s
〜畳
tatami mat (room size unit)
  • 1畳 ≈ 1.6562 m² (approx. the size of a short door, 182cm × 91cm)
〜年代
decade(s)
  • 1980年代 = The 1980s
割り / 掛け
one 10th / percentage discount
  • 7割り = 70%
  • 7掛け = 70%
  • 3割引 = 30% off

Emphatic Amounts

〜からある
(very large amount)

50キロからある荷物(にもつ)

Luggage weighing over 50 kg

〜たりとも
(very small amount — not even)

1(ぷん)たりとも()てない。

I can't wait for even a minute.

〜として
(very small amount — not even)

1(ぷん)として()てない。

I can't wait for even a minute.

〜にして
(surprising — at the age/point of)

15(さい)にして大学(だいがく)卒業(そつぎょう)した。

He graduated university at the age of 15.

Icons & Badges Reference

Usage Icons

Used primarily in spoken Japanese
Used primarily in written Japanese
Used mostly by men
Used mostly by women
Used mostly by children
Old / Archaic expression
Used in formal / stiff situations
!Use with caution (not for superiors)
!!Vulgar / expresses anger or disapproval
Advanced (JLPT N2–N1)
Reference-only (beyond JLPT scope)
Footnote
Incorrect usage
Correct usage

Form Badges

NNoun
NONoun followed by the particle の
NANoun followed by な
TIMENoun indicating time
LOCNoun indicating location/place
ADJAdjective (i-adjective or na-adjective)
i-ADJi-Adjective (e.g. 高い)
na-ADJna-Adjective (e.g. 元気な)
VERB"Nounable" verb form
PASTPast-tense verb (〜た、〜ていた、etc.)
-U/-TAPresent or past verb (non-negative)
NAINegative form
-U/NAIPresent tense verb (regular or negative)
VERB+の"Nounable" verb form followed by の
SURUSuru-verb stem word (noun)

Verb Form Suffixes

-IVerb -I form (連用形)
-UVerb -U form (終止形)
-EVerb -E form (仮定形)
-OUVerb -OU form (意志形)
-TEVerb -TE form (て形)
-TAVerb -TA form (た形)
-TE+たVerb -TE form + past
Numbers and Time — Numerals, Counters & Sound Changes | Japanese Quick Reference | yomeru.ai